Introduction

Volleyball is a game where individuals must have agility, strength, endurance, coordination, balance, and hand-eye coordination. Volleyball requires that individuals move laterally and vertically in a rapid sequence of start and stop movements. Volleyball is commonly played on two types of playing surfaced: a hard court and the sand.

While the injuries associated with both types of playing surfaces are similar, there are a few differences. Typical injuries associated with playing volleyball include soft tissue sprains, strains, spasms, cramps, and tears. In addition, injuries associated with virtually all joints occur as well. The core and lower body is placed under a fairly high level of stress. Likewise, the upper body is also placed under a fairly high level of stress since playing volleyball requires that the ball be hit with not only force, but from awkward positions as well. It is important to define injuries when assessing incidence and prevalence (Stasinopoulos, 2004).

Volleyball is one of the most widely played sports in addition to football and basketball. It has become a very popular sport globally over the last 30 years. The International Federation of Volleyball represents about 150 million people played in approximately 170 countries. The Volleyball World Championship was started in 1974 for men by the FIVB and is now run every four years. Three years later, the women’s version was added to the championship.In1986, the women’s professional volley ball association (WPVA) was formed. (Stasinopoulos, 2004; Verhagen et al., 2004).

Vertical jumping is a frequent movement required in volleyball, and it needs low body fat in the body mass. Therefore, exercise and training towards reducing the body fat in volleyball are recommended by volleyball coaches for the players (Davies, 2002; Verhagen et al., 2004).

The prevalence of certain injuries, such as acute Ankle Sprains in volleyball was, very high comparable to those found in contact sports such as soccer and basketball (Bahr, 1997; Stasinopoulos, 2004; Reeser et al., 2006).

Injuries in sport were common due to contact with player, ground, objects, and other reasons such as pressure, overuse, and falls. Weakness were also a common cause of injuries. For example,

they occur in games more often than in training. There is still debate on the high school sport athletics, where it was found that AI during training are much higher than in games. Overuse and acute injuries appear to be equally as common in volleyball as in other sports (Verhagen et al, 2004; Augustsson et al., 2006; Agel et al., 2007).

In the national collegiate athletic association, the injury prevalence of the lower extremity reaches up to 55% and 20 % for the upper extremity. The data on volleyball injuries showed that there is an increase in the injury rate with the level of participation from school to colleges to clubs. In addition, older studies used to show lower rates of injuries than the recent studies (The incidence of injury in volleyball is nearly equivalent to those observed in ice hockey and soccer). Injuries in volleyball occur in three mechanisms (Aagaard et al., 1997; Caine et al, 2006; Agel et al., 2007).

In sport, factors related to injuries are divided into intrinsic factors (player-related) and extrinsic factors (environment-related). Age, gender, previous injury, body size, muscles strength, and postural stability are some of the intrinsic factors associated with injuries. Extrinsic factors associated with the injuries are type of sport, exposure time, and player position, level of competition, training conditions, training technique, and playing surface.

Proper methods for trainings are important to avoid injuries. Therefore inadequate warm up can cause muscles strain and due to the applying an over load stretching on the muscle. Increase in the load gradually is the proper and safe way to perform it. Prevention program supervision can reduce injury occurrence in cases where the trainer is experienced in sport-specific injuries and have the knowledge of designing training program to achieve high performance and prevent injuries. There is a need to investigate the effect of supervision and training techniques in the prevention of volleyball injuries. It’s important for the coach or players to decide the purpose of the training. Furthermore, some studies showed a positive relationship between strength training and jumper’s knee (Kraemer et al, 2002; Lian et al., 2003; Augustsson et al., 2006).

During that there are different mechanisms occurring in the shoulder, wrist, and elbow muscles in the upper extremity to hit the ball. For jumping, lower extremity muscles mainly hamstring

data questionnaires and observation from the selected clubs. The questions were cloth ended and open ended.

The number of questions were 28 for selected Hadiya zone volleyball players. The questions of players were divided in to four parts. The first part was assessing the demographic information of players; the second part was assessing the prevalence and sites of injured body part.

The third part of the questionnaires also assesses the causes of volleyball injury. Finally, the fourth part was assessing the treatment and rehabilitation of injuries.

To gather the validity of the research objective, the researcher was asking the coach’s and physiotherapists related with volleyball injuries about players with eight different questions. The injury definition used in this study was an injury that occurred as a result of participation in volleyball, forcing the player to leave the court for the rest of the match or training session. The severity of the injury was grading by the time of absence from training and match participation.

The injuries were dividing into three categories. “Minor” is defined as an injury leading to an absence from training/matches of no more than 1 week. Injury leading to an absence of 2-4 weeks is defined as “moderate”, and “major” is defined as an injury leading to an absence of more than 4 weeks. The researcher also used nonparticipant observation to assess the playing area, physiotherapy service, supply of water and training techniques to triangulate the data (J Trauma, 1974). Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) software version 20.0 was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentage) were employed to describe prevalence and causes of injuries. Tables and graphs were used to present the analyzed data.

Result

1. Prevalence and sites of injury

A total of 57 injuries were occurred during the season 2023, giving an injury rate of 1.18 injuries per player. The total of the volleyball players (100%) were experienced at least one or more injuries during the season.

Table 1 sites of injuries

Based on table 2. 60.4% of the injured players were completed the training but the rest 39.6% were not completed at the time of injury happened.

Table 3.How much training do you absent because of injury

The above table indicated that Most injuries were occurred moderate injuries (45.8%) followed by minor injuries (22.9%) among injured players, major injury occurred (14.6%) of the injured players and (16.7%) of injured players were not absence followed to injury happened on the training.

4. Causes of injuries

Table 4.Training days & hours

As shown the above table amount of training days and hours the same in the four selected clubs.

According to this study 40% of the total players were used kneepad, 25 % were using sometimes and 35% players were not using kneepad. From this 37.5 % injured players were used always, 18.5% sometimes used kneepad and 43.75 % were not used kneepad from up to the day of data collected.

The current study indicates 70% of the total players were participated with other sport as recreation; from the total 50% (24/48) were injured players. 30% of the total player’s not engaged with other sport; from the total 30% (14/48) were injured players.

Thus from injured players 62.5% were engaged with other sport like, WTF, jogging, football and handball, the rest injured players were not participated any sport.

The next figure3. Illustrate 39.6% of the injured players were doing rehabilitation exercise to recovering their injury with in short period of time. Players also gave responses the questions of what type of exercise you done. From this 33.35% of injured players were doing jogging, rope jump & strength exercise (pushup, pull-up), the rest 6.25% of injured player were doing swimming, However 60.4% of the total inured players were not doing rehabilitation exercise as a results lack of information about the types and necessary of rehabilitation exercises.

Figure 4.Rehabilitation exercises after injury

7. Responses from coaches

Table 7.Demographic information of coach’s

Table8.Incidences of injury

The above table shows the three clubs have their own volleyball court and one clubs did not have their own volley ball court; players were not train & play at safe environment, coaches seen incidence of injury. Three of the clubs have their own physiotherapist but one clubs have not their own physiotherapist due to these the injured players at the time of match treated by the opponent club physiotherapists but at the time of training injured players were treated by their coach and teammates.

on training there was not availability of water to players. The researcher seen few players was buying with their money but most players were not used water.

Kneepad: - at the time of training some players were not used kneepad but the rest players were used old kneepad to preventing knee injury. At the observation some player used ankle brace.

Physiotherapy services: - when at the time of observation there was a physiotherapist on the training in three clubs. The researcher seen injury happened on players due to jumping to spike without worming up. Most injured player was treated with their Physiotherapy.

Discussion

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and cause of injuries experienced by female volleyball players of a club in Hadiya zone volleyball in one season. This chapter were show how the objectives of the study have been achieved and was discuss all the aspects related to the prevalence of the volleyball injuries at the four Volleyball Clubs as well as the sites and causes of injuries. The chapter was compare the findings with other studies in the same field. The findings are the results collected from Hosanna ketema, Soro woreda, Lemo woreda, and Duna woreda female volleyball players in the volleyball season.

Discussion and Results found in the present study was done in order to research questions.

• To what extent injuries happened to female volleyball players in the selected study clubs?
• What are the sites of sport injuries that occurred to volleyball players linked with volleyball sport?
• What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with injury occurrence among volleyball players in the previse season?

Prevalence of injuries

In this study the research question presented in number one is answered. Injury was defined as any happening that occurs on players during training, warm-up & competition that requires medical attention (Zemper and Pieter, 1989) and causes the player to be absent from sport participation either in a training session or a match (McKay et al., 2001). The severity of an injury was defined

et al., (2004) figure out 12% of players were injured; Augstsson et al.,(2006) showed 18% players injured; Agel et al., (2007) illustrated 14.1% of injured players were injured; Hassan, (2008) figure out 25.5% of injured players in the study were injured with knee injury.

In the 2009 volleyball season with 16.9% ankle injury was occurred on players but it is less percentage related to the past researcher studies. Bahr, (1997) indicate 54%; Bahr et al., (2003) 17%; Verhagen et al., (2004) figure out 41% of players were injured; Augstsson et al.,(2006) showed 23% players injured; Agel et al., (2007) illustrated 44% of injured players were injured; Hassan,(2008) figure out 25.5% of injured players in the study were injured with ankle injury.

Different researchers were explaining percentage of shoulder injury on female volleyball players based on their research findings. In this study there was 8.3% shoulder injury happened on players, this was probably equal than the studies of Bahr, (1997) indicate 8%;but this study was less than the studies of Bahr et al., (2003) 10%; Verhagen et al., (2004) figure out 9% of players were injured; Augstsson et al., (2006) showed 19.6% players injured; Agel et al., (2007) illustrated 5.2% of injured players were injured; Hassan, (2008) figure out 19.6% of players in their study were injured on shoulder.

In the current study finger injury was occurred on the volleyball players, it indicated high differences to the results of Hassan, (2008). In this study 20.8% players were injured with finger injury but his research result was indicated 9.8%.

Hassan, (2008) indicate from 88% of injured players 7.8% were hand but in this study(4.2% ) players hand were injured, 16.9% of ankle injury was occurred. So it is higher than the results of Hassan, (2008) 3.9%.

On the current study, additional volleyball injuries were occurred on the four female volleyball clubs players. It indicated other the past researcher was not assessing those injury types. Abrasion injury was occurred on volleyball players in the clubs with 25.0% occurred on this clubs in the season. Based on the respondent’s knee, abrasion, fingers, ankle and shoulder were the highest injured parts of the body related to the other studies due to lack of fingers techniques, wrong landing and wrong contact with teammates at the time of blocking and spiking finally players were not using kneepad.

wants to cover all spaces and repetitive actions and dual purposes on the front row players.

Among the players in this study, only 8.3% had injuries during the warm-up. It is the greater rate occurred during warm up in the study conducted by Augustsson et al., (2006), 7.5% and Hassan, (2008) 12.25%. The current study showed that 14.6% of players had injuries that occurred gradually and they could not indicate whether it occurred during a match, training, or warm-up. This was lower than the rate of injuries occurred gradually in the study of Augustsson et al., (2006), which indicated 41% and Hassan, (2008) indicates 33.3%.

Results show that the training schedule of the four selected volleyball club was limited with average three days per week with duration of 3 hours; relatively it was greater than the result reported by Hassan, (2008) 3 days per a week for less than 3 hours. In the study by Augustsson et al., (2006), more time was spent on training which enhances the players performing of exercises, leading to better physical performance and experience (Kraemer et al., 2002).

The study by Hassan (2008), injured players amount of absent from training and match as the results of volleyball injury was 60.4% but in this study was 39.6% so duration of absent from training was less than that of Hassan.

The past researcher was not seen in which set of the game players more injured, accessibility of using kneepad, and supply of water. In this study 35.4% of the injured players were injured at the 4th and 5th set of the game and 25% on the 3rd set.

The result of this study show that 35% of players were not using kneepad from those 43.75% was injured players, 45.83% of players were not access of supply of water but 29.17% of players were using some times during training and competition. From responses of the respondents such factors were high due to lack of awareness the benefits of kneepad, the clubs manager not emphasize to supply of water, players injured more 3rd and 4^th/5th set of the game it shows players starting too tired on those sets. During lack of accessing supply of water at the training and match, dehydration will be occurred on players, the results of dehydration lead not control the overall activity based on this players lose their performance and injury occurrences.

the injuries experienced among the players in a volleyball season. There were different extrinsic factors recorded on injured players but intrinsic factors were not.

The study showed that 100% of the total players were injured and also 57 injuries recorded in the seasons. The injury prevalence was high (1.18 injuries per one player per season) compared to other studies in the same field. The most affected body parts during injuries were the knee, abrasion and fingers. In addition, the study showed that the most relevant mechanism to injury in volleyball was spiking and blocking. This study shows that most players injured on the 4th and 5th set during the game. It also indicated related to injury severity, due to moderate injuries volleyball players were not complete a match or their training. Most players were not getting supply of water at the time of training and competition. The study showed that one club players did not have getting an access of physiotherapy treatment due to the reason that they were not having physiotherapist. Thus, court surface is necessary to prevent the ankle injury and abrasion, the physiotherapy is needed to treat and rehabilitate sport injuries.

References