Stress Sources in Hockey Umpires: A Comparative Study of National and International Officials
Abstract
Maintaining fair play and order on the field depends critically on umpires in the hectic environment of hockey. Still, the demands they experience can be extreme, compromising their well-being as much as their effectiveness. This study explores the several sources of stress that male hockey umpires at national and international levels go through, therefore illuminating the particular difficulties each group faces.
We polled 140 umpires applying a modified form of the "Ontario Soccer Officials Survey" specifically for hockey (Rainey, 1995). Our results expose interesting variations between national and international umpires that have consequences for focused stress management techniques.
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